In the early part of the 20th century, melanoma was considered a rare disease, and often was recognized only at an advanced stage. Today, melanoma is one of the most common malignancies, and it usually is recognized at an early stage, when survival rates are high, often with surgery as the only necessary treatment. Melanoma can occur at all ages, and, therefore, can be associated with potential loss of many years of productive life. For early melanoma, improved understanding of the natural history of melanoma and a number of well-run studies of surgical treatment of melanoma have resulted in standard surgical procedures that are much less radical than those commonly performed just a few decades ago. Advanced melanoma is difficult to treat and presents opportunities for research to improve treatment strategies. Interest in the biology of melanoma continues to increase; ongoing research in the biology of melanoma and its potential application to the medical treatment of melanoma may lead to improved management strategies. This chapter reviews the current treatment of melanoma.