Bladder cancer is common and one of the most expensive cancers to treat. The high rate of local recurrence after transurethral resection has led to frequent cystoscopies for surveillance and various treatments to prevent tumour recurrence. Although both new tumours (second primaries) and inadequately treated disease contribute to the recurrence of bladder cancer, molecular data suggest that most recurrences relate to failures of definitive treatment. Adjuvant intravesical chemotherapy and immunotherapy—often...